§ 48

Law § 48 of Hammurabi's Code

Translation

If a man has incurred a debt and The Storm has eroded away his field, or a flood has overwhelmed it, or if grain has not been produced from the field because of a lack of water, he need not repay grain to his creditor for that year. He shall moisten³² the tablet and pay no installment for that year.

Law Code

Law Code of Hammurabi

Law Group

Agricultural Tenants

Inscription

Cuneiform

Source: Bergmann (1953, p. 10, col. XIII–XIV, lns. 71–73; 1–17)

Transliteration

šum-ma a-wi-lum ḫu-bu-ul-lum e-li-šu i-ba-aš-ši-ma eḳil-šu ^iluAdad ir-ta-ḫi-iṣ u lu-u bi-ib-bu-lum it-ba-al u lu-u i-na la me-e šeʾum i-na eḳlim la it-tab-ši i-na ša-at-tim šu-a-ti šeʾam a-na be-el ḫu-bu-ul-[li] u-ul u-ta-ar dup-pa-šu u-ra-ad-da-ab u ṣi-ib-tam ša ša-at-tim šu-a-ti u-ul i-na-ad-di-in

Source: Abulhab (2017, p. 42)

Normalization

šumma awīlum ḫubullum¹⁸⁷ elišu ibaššīma eqelšu Adad irtaḫiṣ u lu bibbulum itbal u lu ina la mê šeʾum ina eqlim la ittabši ina šattim šuāti šeʾam ana bēl ḫubullišu ul utâr. ṭuppašu uraṭṭab u ṣibtam ša šattim šuāti ul inaddin.

Source: Richardson (2004, p. 58)

Translation

If a man has incurred a debt and The Storm has eroded away his field, or a flood has overwhelmed it, or if grain has not been produced from the field because of a lack of water, he need not repay grain to his creditor for that year. He shall moisten³² the tablet and pay no installment for that year.

Source: Richardson (2004, p. 59)

Inscription

Location of Law § 48 · Powered by Stele3D^SM

Orientation Front

Side(s) Sides 3 – 1 (overflow)

Column(s) Cols. 13–14

Line(s) Lns. 71–17

Key

Law § 48

Prologue

Laws

Epilogue

Damage

Open Law § 48 in Stele3D^SM

Logic

Logic Map for § 48 · Powered by LawgicSniffer^SM

#

Steps

1 If
2
3 a man
4 has incurred
5 a debt
6 and
7 The Storm
8 has eroded away
9 his
10 field,
11 or
12 a flood
13 has overwhelmed
14 it,
15 or
16 if
17 grain
18 has not
19 been produced from
20 the field
21 because of a lack of water,
22
23 [then]
24
25 he
26 need not
27 repay (for that year.)
28 grain
29 (to) his
30 creditor
31
32 [And]
33
34 He
35 shall moisten
36 the tablet
37 and
38 [he]
39 [shall] pay
40 no
41 installment for that year.
42
43
44

Citation

Dedović, B. "§ 48 - eHammurabi." OMNIKA Foundation, 26 Oct. 2023, ehlaw.org/law/48. [Accessed 3 Nov. 2024]

MLA 9

Dedović, B. (2023, October 26). § 48 - eHammurabi. OMNIKA Foundation. https://ehlaw.org/law/48

APA 7

Dedović, Boban. "§ 48 - eHammurabi." Las Vegas, NV: OMNIKA Foundation. Created October 26, 2023. Modified September 11, 2024. Accessed November 3, 2024. https://ehlaw.org/law/48.

CMS 16

Bibliography

Abulhab, Saad D. The Law Code of Hammurabi: Transliterated and Literally Translated from its Early Classical Arabic Language. New York, NY: Blautopf, 2017.

ACH

Bergmann, Eugen. Codex Ḫammurabi: Textus Primigenius. Rome, Italy: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1953.

CHTP

Huehnergard, John. A Grammar of Akkadian (Third Edition). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011.

HAG3

Huehnergard, John. Key to a Grammar of Akkadian (Third Edition). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013.

HKEY3

OMNIKA Foundation Contributors. "OMNIKA: Digital Mythology Library & Search Engine." Las Vegas, NV: OMNIKA Foundation, accessed November 14, 2023. https://omnika.org. [Visit]

–

Richardson, Mervyn E.J. Hammurabi's Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary. New York, NY: T & T Clark International, 2004.

RHL

Sound of Text Contributors. "Sound of Text: AI Text-to-Speech." Accessed November 14, 2023. https://soundoftext.app. [Visit]

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§ 48